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Modern Relativity
A text book tutorial on the modern physics of Albert Einstein's theories of special relativity and general relativity.
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2005 By David WaiteA relativity and quantum mechanics message board
Unit I
Special Relativity
Chapter 1 Starting Special Relativity
1.1 - Lorentz Transformation
1.2 - Relative Space and Time
1.3 - Paradoxes
Chapter 2 Representing Special Relativity
Chapter 3 Special Relativity Dynamic Implications
3.1 - Mass, Energy and the Universe's Speed Limit
Unit II
Foundations For General Relativity
Chapter 4 Starting General Relativity
4.1 - The Conceptual Premises For General Relativity
4.2 - Tensors
4.3 - The Metric and Invariants of General Relativity
4.4 - Christoffel Symbols
Chapter 5 General Relativity Dynamic Implications
5.1 - Four-Vector Momentum
5.2 - Geodesic Equation and Nongeodesic Motion
5.3 - Acceleration
5.4 - More About Motion
Chapter 6 Gravitation
6.1 - Curvature, Parallel transport, and the Riemann tensor
6.2 - Mach, Gravitational Forces, and Tidal Gradients
6.3 - Stress Energy of Matter and Einstein's Field Equations
Unit III
Using General Relativity
Chapter 7 Electromagnetism
7.1 - Exact Gravitation of Extremely Charged Matter and the Electric Field
7.2 - Maxwell's Equations
Chapter 8 The Big Bang
8.1 - Gaussian Curvature and the Robertson-Walker Interval
8.2 - Hubble's Constant
Chapter 9 Linearized Weak Field Gravitation
9.1 - Gravity Waves
9.2 - GEM (Gravitoelectromagnetism)
Unit IV
Black Holes
Chapter 10 The Schwarzschild Black Hole
10.1 - The Schwarzschild Solution
10.2 - Hovering over a Schwarzschild Black Hole
Chapter 11 Charged and Rotating Black Holes and Their Thermodynamics
11.1 - The Kerr-Newman Solution
11.2 - Hawking Radiation
Unit V
Fringe Physics in GR
Chapter 12 The New Frontiers
12.1 - Metric Engineering
12.2 - Wormholes
12.3 - Time Travel
Chapter 13 Warp Drive
13.1 - Using GR to Change the Remote Coordinate Speed of Light c'
13.2 - Alcubierre-Broeck Warp Drives
13.3 - Another Warp Drive
Chapter 14 Other Faster Than c Methods
14.1 - The Krasnikov Tube
Appendix A: Newtonian-Relativistic Comparisons
Appendix B: Planck - SI Unit Conversion
The following is a page index for Einstein's relativistic physics theory related terms. The terms as used on the pages are listed alphabeticaly. The page number that it appears on is listed and the link to that page number is named with an equivalent term on the right of the page number.
acceleration
coordinate 29 acceleration, 61-62 coordinate acceleration, 93 coordinate frame acceleration, 107-108 acceleration according to the lab frame, 118-120 lab frame acceleration, 124-125 observer's acceleration, 163 ordinary acceleration, 174 acceleration according to the inertial frame, 176 frame's acceleration
four-vector 22 four-vector acceleration, 28 acceleration 4-vector, 52 vector acceleration, 54 tensor acceleration, 59-60 acceleration tensor, 116 acceleration vector
proper 29 proper acceleration, 59-61 proper frame acceleration, 72 invariant acceleration, 108 instantaneous rest frame
affine connections 48 Christoffel Symbols
Alcubierre warp drive 164-174 warp drive
Alcubierre-Broeck warp drive 166 Alcubierre, 174 Van Den Broeck
Bianchi identities 70 Bianchi, 75 Bianchi identities
big bang 89 big bang, 91 big bang universe
Birkoff theorem 141 Birkoff theorem
black hole
Schwarzschild 111-126 black hole, 137-141 Schwarzschild, 144-148 Schwarzschild black hole
Radiative Vaidya and Waite solutions 141 Vaidya
Reissner-Nordstrom 131 Reissner-Nordstrom, 136 charged black hole
Kerr 130 Kerr hole, 140 Kerr black hole
Kerr-Newman 127-135 Kerr-Newman, 140 Kerr-Newman black hole, 149 charged rotating black hole
Boyer-Lindquist coordinates 128 Boyer-Lindquist
Casimir effect negative energy effect, see energy negative Casimir
centrifugal pseudo-force see fictitious forces
charged black hole, see black hole Reissner-Nordstrom
CERN 26 CERN
charged rotating black hole, see black hole Kerr-Newman
Christoffel symbols, see affine connections
closed universe, see universe closed Vs open
comoving frames 71 comoving, 90 frame, 93 comoving frame
conservation of energy-momentum 65 conservation, 77-78 energy
conserved parameters of geodesic motion 65 conserved
coordinate velocity, see velocity coordinate
Coriolis pseudo-force see fictitious forces
cosmic string 136 cosmic string, radiating line of negligible mass and charge 141 radiating
cosmological constant 70-80 cosmological constant, 91 dark energy
covariant derivative 48-49 covariant derivative, 54 Christoffel symbols
critical mass for universe closure, see universe critical density of
curvature
Gaussian 67-68 curvature, 70 gaussian, 89-92 gaussian curvature
of the Universe, see universe negative curved, universe positive curved
Riemannian 45 Riemann curvature tensor, 68-70 Riemann curvature, 72-74 spacetime curvature
dark energy, see cosmological constant
dark matter 91 dark matter
deflection of light , see light deflection
Delta Kronecker, see Kronecker delta
density of matter in the universe 91-92 universe
divergence 78-79 divergence
domain wall 96 domain wall
Doppler shift 33-35 Doppler shift, 95 in modern physics
dot produce, see scalar product
Einstein field equations 75-80 field equations, 97 Einstein field equations, 104 for modern physics, 156 law of gravity
Einstein summation convention - Preface
Einstein-Rosen bridge 147 Einstein-Rosen bridge
Einstein tensor 76 Einstein tensor, 78 Einstein curvature tensor, 153-154 in Einstein's field equations, 178 Einstein's equations, 181 for physics
electrically charged rotating black hole, see black hole Kerr-Newman
energy in gravity waves 97 gravity waves, 100 gravity wave energy, 102-103 gravity energy tensor
energy-momentum conservation 78 momentum
energy-momentum four-vector 21 four-vector momentum, 23-24 momentum 4-vector, 27-30 momentum four-vector, 51-55 momentum vector, 57 vector momentum, 59-60 momentum tensor, 63 four momentum
energy negative
Casimir etc... 143-144 Casimir effect, 154 Casimir energy, 157 in physics, 164-165 Casimir, 167-169 in quantum mechanics, 171 negative energy, 173 exotic matter
gravitational field 109 gravitational field
equivalence principle
levels of equivalence 38-39 equivalence principle, 86 in theory
of gravitational and inertial mass 38 mass energy equivalence, 118 mass energy, 120-121 gravitational and inertial
ergosphere 130 ergosphere
Euclerian observer 171 Euclerian observer
Euclidean space , see spacetimes Euclidean
event 1 event, 5-6 event in spacetime, 8 event in relativity, 13-16 definition of an event, 25 for special relativity
event horizon 115-117 event horizon, 129-131 horizon, 136-138 Schwarzschild radius, 140 light can not escape, 145 point of no return, 154 black hole, 165 from general relativity, 169-170 caunchy horizon, 179 no escape
expansion of the universe 89-95 expansion of the universe, 180 universal expansion
faster than light (FTL) , see superluminal
fictitious forces see aslo gravitational pseudo-force
centrifugal 71 centrifugal, 80 fictitious force, 108 centrifugal force
Coriolis 80 coriolis force, 108 coriolis
transverse 80 transverse force, 108 transverse fictitious force
flat space 68 flat space, 92 flat spacetime
force
four-vector, see four-vector force
ordinary 27-29 force, 54 ordinary force, 84 Newton's 2nd law
four-vector
acceleration, see acceleration four-vector
definition of 40 4-vector
force 22 four force, 27-28 4-force, 52 force four-vector, 54-55 force 4-vector, 57 4-vector force, 59 four-vector force, 60-63 force tensor, 84-85 tensor force, 87 four-force, 116 in modern physics, 118 for general relativity
momentum 23 four momentum, 27-29 4-momentum, 51-55 momentum four-vector, 57 momentum 4-vector, 59-60 4-vector momentum, 63 four-vector momentum
velocity 22-24 four velocity, 28 4-velocity, 30 velocity four-vector, 51-54, 57-62 velocity 4-vector, 72 4-vector velocity, 108 four-vector velocity, 116 for modern physics, 171 for general relativity
FTL (faster than light) , see superluminal
Galilean transformation equations 3 Galilean transformation
Gaussian curvature, see curvature Gaussian
general principle of relativity 39-40 principle of relativity
geodesic 56-58 geodesic motion, 107 geodesic equation, 131 geodesic, 147 shortest path through spacetime, 156 free fall acceleration, 172 acceleration due to gravity,
gravitational field
as affine connections 182 affine connection
gravitational mass , see mass gravitational
gravitational pseudo-force 43 gravitational force, 72-73 gravity
gravitational potential 43 gravitational potential, 79 gravity potential, 104-109 gravitoelectromagnetism, 114 Schwarzschild gravitational potential, 182 gravity potential
gravity waves 97-103 gravity waves, 141 gravitational waves
Hawking radiation 137-141 Hawking Radiation
horizon, see event horizon
Hubble's "constant" 93-96 Hubble's constant
Hubble's law 93 Hubble's law
hypersurface 147 hypersurface
inertial frame 1 inertial frame, 8 inertial coordinate frame, 12-13 unaccelerated frame, 39 inertial frame observer, 64 Lorentz frame, 71 inertial observer frame
inertial mass, see mass inertial
inertial pseudo-force, see gravitational pseudo-force see also fictitious forces
inertia manipulation 143 inertia, 155-157 gravity drive
inner product, see scalar product
intrinsic curvature 42 spacetime curvature, 67-70 curvature tensor
invariant 16 invariant, 20 invariant scalar, 41 Lorentz invariant, 46-47 Lorentz scalar, 77 unchanged in coordinate transformation, 85-86 same for all observers
invariant mass, see mass invatiant
Kaluza-Klein theory 159-161 Kaluza-Klein
Kerr black hole , see black hole Kerr
Kerr-Newman black hole, see black hole Kerr-Newman
Killing vectors 65 Killing vector, 136 Killing field vector
Krasnikov tube 177-178 Krasnikov tube
Kronecker delta 44 delta Kronecker, 75 Kronecker delta, 98 delta, 108 Kronecker
Lagrangian 65 Lagrangian, 159 Lagrangian equation, 161 Lagrangian mechanics
lapse function 169 lapse function, 171 time lapse
Levi Chivita
e
ijk 108 Levi Chivitaeablr
84 rank 4 Levi Chivitalight cone 15 light cone
light deflection in gravity field 63 deflection of light, 123-126 light in a gravitational field
light-like 17 light like
light speed 1 light speed, 123-124 speed of light, 163-164 speed c, 174-176 c speed
local 39 local, 45 local frame, 46 local to the observer, 55-56 special relativistic limit, 68 local free fall frame, 70 metric reduces to, 81 local transform
local free fall frame 39 free fall, 55-56 local free fall, 70 free fall observer
Lorentzian spacetime , see spacetimes Lorentzian
Lorentz guage 106 Lorentz guage
Lorentz transformation , see transformation Lorentz
Luxon 26 Luxon
Mach's principle 71-74 Mach's principle, 108 origin of inertia
mass
gravitational 38 gravitational mass, 114 active gravitational mass, 118-121 gravitational charge, 143-144 gravitational source
inertial 22 inertial mass, 28-30 resistance to acceleration, 38 in Newton's second law, 59 passive gravitational mass, 118-121 resistance to deviation from geodesic motion
invariant 22 invariant mass, 28-30 rest mass, 52-53 mass, 59 rest energy
Maxwell's equations 83-85 Maxwell's equations
Mercury perihelion procession see perihelion procession
metric tensor 17 metric tensor, 42-48 metric, 129 invariant interval, 159-160 line element
Minkowski diagrams 11-15 Minkowski diagrams
Minkowski force 27-28 Minkowski force, 55 4-force
missing mass 91 dark matter
momentum conservation, see energy-momentum conservation
momentum four-vector, see energy-momentum four-vector
nagative curved universe, see universe negative Vs positive curved
negative energy, see energy negative
Neutrino tachyon candidates 26 tachyon
Newtonian limit 3 Newtonian limit, 26 low speed limit, 104-109 weak field
Newton's law of gravitation 38 Newton's law of gravitation, 104 law of gravity, 120 Newtonian gravitation
Newton's second law of motion 22 Newton's law of motion, 27-29 2nd law of motion, 52 Newton's 2nd law, 59-60 Newton's law
Noether theorem, 65 Noether theorem
open universe, see universe closed Vs open
OPERA 26 OPERA
pair production 137 pair production
paradox
length contraction 9 length contraction
grandfather 25-26 grandfather paradox, 152 time travel
twin 8 twin paradox
parallel transport 68-69 parallel transport
perihelion procession 115 procession
Planck units 183 Plank units
polarization of the vacuum 143-144 vacuum polarization
positive curved universe, see universe negative Vs positive curved
pressure in stress-energy tensor 76-77 pressure tensor, 81 energy tensor
principle of general covariance, see general principle of relativity
proper time as an invariant 16 proper time
Pythagorean theorem 16 Pythagorean theorem
quadrupole moment contribution to gravitational radiation 103 quadrupole moment
quantum ineguality 168 quantum inequality, 171-173 Pfenning-Ford
red shift
cosmological 93-95 cosmological red shift
in a Schwarzschild spacetime 122 Schwarzschild spacetime
velocity, see Doppler shift
Ricci scalar definition of 75 Ricci scalar
Ricci tensor definition of 75 Ricci tensor
Riemannian curvature definition of 68 Riemann curvature
Riemannian spacetime, see spacetimes Riemannian
Riemann tensor definition of 69 Riemann tensor
Reissner-Nordstrom black hole, see black hole Reissner-Nordstrom
Robertson-Walker model 89-96 Robertson-Walker
rotating black hole, see black hole Kerr
rotation parameter 127 rotation parameter
San Grasso 26 San Grasso
specific angular momentum 127 angular momentum
Schwarzschild black hole , see black hole Schwarzschild
Schwarzschild radius 114 Schwarzschild radius
spacetimes
Euclidean 45-46 Euclidean space
Lorentzian 45-46 Lorentzian spacetime
Riemannian 46 Riemannian spacetime
specific charge 127 charge
speed of light, see light speed
steady state universe 79 steady state
stress-energy tensor
of dust 52 energy tensor, 76 stress-energy tensor
of electromagnetic field 77 electromagnetic field energy
pseudo tensor for gravity waves 100 gravity waves
of massless fields 76-77 massless, 81 massless field
of perfect fluid 77 ideal fluid
string theories 159 string theory
superluminal
true 177-179 superluminal, see also tachyon
false, but faster than c 163-176 faster than light, 179-181 faster than c
supernova 26 supernova
tachyon 25-26 tachyon
tardyon 26 tardyon
temperature of black holes 137-141 temperature
tensor calculus 17-20 tensor calculus, 40-49 tensor equation
tensor definitions of
contravariant and covariant 19 contravariant, 41 covariant
tidal gradient 71-74 tidal force
time travel 25-26 time travel, 151-155 time traveler
transformations
general global 41 frame transformation, 65 coordinate transformation
Lorentz 1-9 Lorentz transformation, 18-19 Lorentz transform, 31-33 Lorentz boost, 64 inertial frame transformation
Lorentz-like accelerated 7 accelerated transformation, 33 accelerated frame, 63-65 accelerated observer
transverse inertial force see fictitious forces
uncertainty principle 137 uncertainty principle
unification theories 158-161 unification theory
Universe
age of 90 age of the universe, 95 cosmological time
closed Vs open 91-92 closed curved
critical density of 91-92 critical density
expansion of 90 expansion of the universe, 93 universal expansion
negative Vs positive curved 91-92 positive curved
vacuum domain wall , see domain wall
vacuum polarization, see polarization of the vacuum
Van Den Broeck, Chris warp drive , see Alcubierre-Broeck warp drive
velocity
addition 29-31 velocity addition
coordinate 22 velocity, 30-31 coordinate velocity, 51 inertial frame velocity
four-vector, see four-vector velocity
warp drives 163-176 warp drive
white hole 146 white hole, 148 black hole time reversal
wormholes 123 wormhole, 144-152 Einstein-Rosen bridge